Spain is grappling with a significant rise in norovirus cases, a highly contagious stomach virus often referred to as the “stomach flu.”
While respiratory infections like flu and colds are typically the focus during the winter months, norovirus has become another pressing concern, causing widespread illness as the holiday season concludes.
What is norovirus?
Norovirus is a virus that leads to gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Symptoms include:
- Diarrhoea
- Vomiting
- Nausea
- Stomach pain
- General discomfort
- Muscle pain
Symptoms usually appear suddenly, between 12 and 24 hours after exposure, and last for one to three days. While most people recover without specific treatment, vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and those with chronic illnesses are at higher risk of complications, particularly dehydration.
How is norovirus spread?
Norovirus spreads rapidly, especially in enclosed environments like hospitals, care homes, hotels, and cruise ships. Transmission can occur through:
- Direct contact with an infected person.
- Consuming contaminated food or water.
- Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the face.
The virus can also remain infectious for up to two weeks after symptoms subside, increasing the risk of further outbreaks.
Recognising dehydration
Dehydration is a severe complication of norovirus, particularly for vulnerable groups. Symptoms of dehydration vary by age:
In Infants and young children
- Dry mouth and tongue.
- Crying with few or no tears.
- Dry nappies for over three hours.
- Sunken eyes or cheeks.
- A sunken soft spot on the head (fontanelle).
In elderly individuals
- Excessive thirst.
- Infrequent urination or dark-coloured urine.
- Confusion.
- Dizziness or fainting.
Severe dehydration can lead to muscle cramps, seizures, or even death if not addressed promptly.
Prevention tips
The best way to prevent norovirus is through good hygiene practices, many of which have become familiar since the pandemic:
- Wash hands frequently with soap and water, or use hand sanitiser.
- Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
- Isolate yourself if symptomatic, and remain at home for two days after symptoms disappear.
- Avoid handling food or shared items during illness.
- When travelling, consume cooked foods and avoid raw items from street vendors.
Associated risks
Contaminated water and seafood, particularly shellfish, are common sources of outbreaks. Proper cooking and handling are essential to prevent infection. Recent outbreaks in the United States linked to contaminated oysters highlight the need for vigilance.
Public health response
Hundreds of cases have been reported across Spain, leading to increased visits to emergency rooms. Authorities urge the public to prioritise hygiene and seek medical attention for severe symptoms or complications. By following recommended precautions, the spread of norovirus can be minimised.
Also read: Flu season in Spain set to be severe