Spain faces a dual epidemic: flu and norovirus outbreaks

by Else BeekmanElse Beekman
dual epidemic Spain

The winter season in Spain has brought about a dual epidemic, with flu cases soaring and norovirus infections surging simultaneously. This convergence of health threats has created a challenging situation for both healthcare providers and the general public.

This season, Spain is battling four major viral threats: Influenza A and B, COVID-19, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), and the highly contagious norovirus.

Flu, norovirus, and rising infections

The latest data from Spain’s Acute Respiratory Infection Surveillance System (SiVIRA) reveals a significant uptick in both respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. By mid-January 2025, the flu had surpassed epidemic thresholds with a rate of 118.8 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Additionally, norovirus infections, a leading cause of gastroenteritis, have been on the rise.

The combination of these viruses is putting immense pressure on primary healthcare services. In particular, hospitals and clinics are overwhelmed by a steady stream of patients with flu symptoms or symptoms of norovirus. These typically include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Health authorities are urging citizens to take extra precautions to limit the spread of infections and alleviate strain on the healthcare system.

The role of self-care and prevention

The Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine (semFYC) emphasises the importance of self-care and responsible use of healthcare resources during this challenging period. They encourage the public to adopt preventive measures, such as regular handwashing, wearing masks in crowded or poorly ventilated spaces, and avoiding contact with vulnerable individuals.

For flu and respiratory infections, common symptoms such as fever, sore throat, and muscle aches can often be managed at home with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications. However, more severe symptoms like persistent high fever (over 38.5°C), shortness of breath, or chest pain should prompt a visit to the doctor. The same applies to norovirus, where severe dehydration, prolonged vomiting, or bloody diarrhea may signal the need for medical attention.

Protecting the vulnerable

Most people recover from these infections in a matter of days. However, vulnerable groups, including the elderly, young children, and individuals with chronic conditions, face a higher risk of complications. The semFYC recommends that these individuals wear masks in high-risk situations, such as close contact or visits to healthcare facilities.

Vaccination also remains a cornerstone of prevention. Therefore, health authorities highly recommend the flu vaccine. Especially as it can reduce the risk of severe outcomes, including death, by half. Similarly, vaccines for COVID-19 and RSV remain effective tools in reducing the burden of respiratory diseases.

A vital need for coordinated action

The Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine (semFYC) has called for a collective effort to prevent the collapse of the healthcare system. Additionally, emphasising that collaboration between healthcare professionals, authorities, and citizens is key. As they state, “solidarity and collective commitment are essential to overcome this public health challenge.” The concurrent circulation of flu, COVID-19, and respiratory viruses like RSV presents a complex challenge.

The semFYC highlights the vital role of primary healthcare in early detection and management of these outbreaks. Meanwhile, they stress the need for adequate diagnostic tools. Hereunder, rapid tests, to optimise patient care and avoid resource misuse.

Also read: Highly contagious norovirus sweeps across Spain

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