Hepatitis A infections surged in Spain during 2024, prompting a warning from the Ministry of Health. A shift in transmission patterns and a notable rise in cases among certain groups have heightened concerns, particularly in Andalucia, where cases have more than doubled.
The Ministry of Health recorded 177 hepatitis A cases in Andalucia by December 2024, marking a 160% increase from the 66 cases reported at the same point in 2023. Almería has seen the highest number of cases, followed by Málaga and Seville.
This rise reflects a broader national trend, with health authorities warning of potential further increases if vaccination rates are not improved.
Symptoms and transmission of Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is a viral liver infection, often transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, and, in some cases, jaundice — a yellowing of the skin and eyes.
While most recover without lasting effects, liver failure is a rare but serious complication, particularly in individuals over 50, those with compromised immune systems, or existing liver conditions. Children under 6 are less likely to show symptoms.
Risk groups and changing trends
In 2024, the majority of new infections occurred in individuals aged 15–44. This marks a shift from previous years, when children under 15 were primarily affected. There has also been a decline in cases linked to international travel, with most infections now originating domestically.
The Ministry of Health identified a rise in cases among gay and bisexual men, coupled with limited vaccination coverage in this group. For these individuals, the risk of infection is classified as “moderate.” For the general population, the risk remains “very low.”
Regional disparities in vaccination
The hepatitis A vaccine is only included in the routine vaccination schedule for children in Catalonia, Ceuta, and Melilla, targeting those aged 5–7. Despite this, Catalonia has also reported significant increases in cases, underscoring the need for broader immunisation efforts.
Public health response
The Ministry of Health has called for strengthened disease surveillance and increased vaccination in high-risk groups. Health campaigns are focusing on raising awareness of the benefits of vaccination, particularly for those at greater risk of infection.
Hepatitis A’s resurgence highlights the importance of proactive public health measures to limit its spread and protect vulnerable populations. With infections rising across Spain, ensuring adequate vaccination coverage will be key to reversing this trend.