The caganer, a small figure depicted in the act of defecation, is one of the most curious and distinctive traditions of Catalonia during the Christmas season. Despite its unusual appearance, the caganer holds deep cultural and symbolic significance in the region.
History of the caganer
The origins of the caganer date back to the late 17th or early 18th century in Catalonia, where it became a staple of traditional nativity scenes (pessebres). Its exact beginnings are unclear. However, some historians suggest it may have been inspired by rural life or even as a satire of societal norms.
Originally crafted as a simple farmer figure wearing the traditional Catalan barretina (red cap), the caganer’s design has evolved. Today, it often portrays famous personalities, political figures, or celebrities, reflecting contemporary culture and events.
The role of the caganer in nativity scenes
The caganer is typically placed discreetly in a corner of the nativity scene, away from the central figures of Mary, Joseph, and baby Jesus. Despite its humorous and irreverent nature, it is not considered disrespectful. Instead, the caganer represents the cycle of life, fertility, and the connection to the land. By “fertilising” the earth, the caganer symbolises prosperity and good fortune for the coming year.
In Catalan homes, the nativity scene—including the caganer—is set up in early December, often on December 8th, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. It remains on display until January 6th, Epiphany, when the Christmas season officially ends in Spain.
A modern twist on tradition
While the traditional caganer depicted a peasant, modern versions reflect a playful commentary on current events and popular culture. Figures of politicians, football players, and international celebrities have become increasingly popular. These modern caganers, often sold at Christmas markets like Barcelona’s Fira de Santa Llúcia, are highly collectible.
Cultural significance
The caganer exemplifies the Catalan sense of humour and their ability to mix sacred and profane elements. Its inclusion in nativity scenes highlights Catalonia’s strong connection to agricultural roots and the importance of humility and equality. The caganer serves as a reminder that everyone, regardless of status, shares basic human needs.
Preserving a quirky tradition
The caganer tradition is celebrated mainly in Catalonia but is also found in neighbouring regions such as Valencia and the Balearic Islands. Its enduring popularity ensures that this quirky yet meaningful figure remains a cherished part of the holiday season.
For those visiting Catalonia during this time of year, spotting the caganer in nativity displays or browsing stalls filled with its countless variations offers a unique glimpse into the region’s cultural identity.
Also read: Spanish traditions between Christmas and New Year´s Day