Lorraine Williamson
Foodborne illnesses in Spain rose sharply in 2023, with reported deaths more than tripling compared to the average of the previous five years. The number of confirmed food poisoning outbreaks also increased significantly, prompting renewed concern about food safety and hygiene practices.
According to official data, there were 13 deaths linked to foodborne infections in 2023. In comparison, the annual average from 2018 to 2022 was just four. Outbreaks reached 833, marking a 41% increase. Meanwhile, confirmed cases rose to 11,510—twice the average in recent years. Hospital admissions also climbed, with 415 people needing care, up 61%.
Why the rise in food poisoning in Spain?
Several factors contributed to this surge. Improved outbreak reporting by Spain’s autonomous communities played a role. Central coordination of case notifications has strengthened, leading to better detection. Technological improvements—such as PCR testing—also mean more infections are now being identified.
There were also pandemic-related factors. During the COVID-19 years, underreporting was common due to delays and reduced surveillance. As systems normalised in 2023, previously missed outbreaks were likely captured. Additionally, extreme weather over the summer fuelled a spike in Cryptosporidium infections, especially from contaminated water.
Understanding Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidium is a microscopic parasite that causes a gastrointestinal illness called cryptosporidiosis. It spreads easily through contaminated water and food and is resistant to standard levels of chlorine used in swimming pools.
Symptoms include watery diarrhoea, stomach cramps, dehydration, nausea, and fever. In healthy individuals, symptoms can last up to two weeks. However, the illness can be more serious in young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems. Outbreaks are often linked to recreational water, such as public pools, or drinking water that has not been adequately treated.
What caused the outbreaks?
Salmonella remained the most prevalent and dangerous pathogen. It caused 350 outbreaks and 2,747 confirmed cases. It was also linked to 4 deaths and the majority of hospitalisations.
Norovirus and Campylobacter were also significant contributors. Eggs and egg-based products were the most frequently associated food type, linked to 30% of outbreaks. Meat—mainly consumed in hospitality settings—was the next most common. These findings underline the ongoing importance of handwashing, avoiding raw meat contact, and safe food preparation.
Where did outbreaks happen?
Andalucia recorded the most outbreaks (232), followed by Catalonia (116). In contrast, Cantabria reported none.
Restaurants and bars accounted for just over half of all food poisoning cases in Spain. Meanwhile, 25% occurred in private homes. Other settings included schools, nurseries, hospitals, prisons, and care homes.
Waterborne infections on the rise
Infections linked to water also saw a sharp increase. Authorities confirmed 1,385 cases in 2023—almost seven times the annual median of 257 over the past five years. The majority were caused by Cryptosporidium, especially in recreational water like pools.
Experts point to Spain’s ongoing drought and the use of poorly treated water as key reasons. Cryptosporidium’s resistance to chlorine further complicates prevention efforts.
What can be done?
Experts emphasise that Spain’s prevention systems are robust. Surveillance continues nationwide, and outbreaks are investigated and tracked quickly.
At a personal level, the message remains clear: ensure proper cooking and cooling of food. Avoid cross-contamination in the kitchen and be cautious with untreated water. These simple measures could significantly reduce future outbreaks.