Lorraine Williamson
A controversial gas extraction scheme has come under renewed scrutiny after environmental authorities warned it could threaten one of Europe’s most important protected areas. Despite lying just beyond the boundaries of Doñana National Park, the proposed Sondeo Marismas-3NE project has triggered widespread alarm over potential impacts on the fragile ecosystem.
The Participation Council of Doñana, an official advisory body in Andalucia, has called on Spain’s Ministry for the Ecological Transition to re-evaluate the gas initiative using current data. The original environmental study, carried out in 2010, is now deemed outdated, especially given today’s understanding of how interconnected hydrological systems influence biodiversity.
Although the drilling site is technically outside the park’s core zone, it lies within its ecological influence area—raising red flags among scientists who fear that even minor disturbances to groundwater flows could destabilise sensitive habitats. The council has urged the government to notify both the European Commission and UNESCO to ensure international transparency and adherence to environmental obligations.
Nearly €900 million invested in Doñana’s recovery
At the council’s annual meeting, it was revealed that more than €428 million had already been channelled into environmental and rural development programmes linked to Doñana. Combined contributions from the Junta de Andalucía and Spain’s central government brought total investments to €852 million. These funds have supported sustainable agriculture, fisheries, water infrastructure, and habitat restoration, boosting both the environment and local economy.
A lifeline for migratory birds
The wetland’s revival has been particularly good news for birdlife. Located along the Atlantic flyway, Doñana is a vital sanctuary for millions of migratory birds travelling between Europe and Africa. Following years of drought, heavy rains have brought about a dramatic resurgence. In 2024 alone, more than 240,000 waterfowl—spanning 87 species, including flamingos and spoonbills—returned to nest, feed and rest.
This rebound highlights Doñana’s enduring resilience despite decades of human encroachment, water mismanagement and climatic stress.
Iberian lynx makes a comeback
Another success story comes from Spain’s once-critically endangered feline. Thanks to sustained conservation work, the Iberian lynx population in 2024 climbed to 836—up from 758 the previous year. The Doñana-Aljarafe area saw a significant rise, now home to 133 individuals and a record-breaking 33 breeding females.
In the national park itself, biologists recorded seven active dens containing a total of 38 cubs. Authorities say these results confirm that long-term strategies to protect the species are delivering results.
Rainfall brings long-awaited renewal
For the first time in over a decade, Doñana experienced a hydrologically “wet year”, with rainfall levels soaring more than 100 litres per square metre above the long-term average. Over 39,000 hectares of marshland were rehydrated, breathing life into habitats long plagued by water scarcity.
Water levels at Vetalengua even reached 80 centimetres—offering visible proof of the park’s natural regenerative capacity when given the right conditions.
Expanded protection and a nod to heritage
Efforts to secure Doñana’s future have also extended its boundaries. The regional government recently purchased two key estates—Veta la Palma and Tierras Bajas—adding 8,700 hectares to the protected zone at a cost of nearly €80 million. This move allows more coherent environmental management and provides vital buffer zones.
Collaboration with local landowners is also helping restore habitats and protect emblematic species such as the Spanish imperial eagle and Iberian lynx.
Recognised as a national park since 1969 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1994, Doñana remains a symbol of both Spain’s natural heritage and the global fight to safeguard biodiversity in the face of modern threats.
Gas vs green: What future for Doñana?
As Spain continues to promote itself as a climate-conscious leader in Europe, the debate over fossil fuel exploration near Doñana raises difficult questions. Is it possible to balance energy interests with ecological integrity? For many in Andalucia, the answer seems clear: nature must come first.
Whether or not the gas project proceeds, one thing is certain—Doñana’s role as a bellwether for environmental policy in Spain is more critical than ever.
Source: Europapress